Chapter 4 – Attention<\/p>\n
Instructions: Using your textbook, complete the definitions\/questions in italics, highlighted in yellow. Keep in mind it is your responsibility to learn all the information presented here \u2013 not just the parts you complete. They take the place of a traditional lecture and guide you through what you need to know for exams. <\/p>\n
If at any point you are confused about the meaning of a question, please do not hesitate to reach out! <\/p>\n
As you complete the definitions, keep in mind that copying directly from the textbook is not your best bet. You need to be able to apply these definitions. A good rule to remember is this \u2013 if you can\u2019t explain a term\/theory\/etc., in your own words to another person, you don\u2019t really understand it. Don\u2019t be a copy machine \u2013 be a thinker!<\/p>\n
For your grade on this assignment \u2013 you will separately turn in typed answers to questions indicated at the end of the assignment. Leave the question in your answers to make them easier to grade. <\/p>\n
Videos on attention in general – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jrpFJcthIY0; https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s4JBqLoY3tYSummaries of key concepts and mechanisms of attention.http:\/\/www.spring.org.uk\/2009\/05\/attention-how-it-works-how-it-fails-and-how-to-improve-it.phpTerms from Roger\u2019s Adventure with Attention<\/p>\n
1.Attention \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.Selective attention\u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
3.Distraction \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
4.Divided attention \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
5.Attentional capture \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
6.Visual scanning – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
I.Attention as Information Processing<\/p>\n
Theories of selective attention – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qpsaHE_uZic; https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TRPk-ynBOkI; https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iQlwWheRKOs; http:\/\/www.csun.edu\/~vcpsy00h\/students\/arousal.htmA.Broadbent\u2019s Filter Model of Attention – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
1.Dichotic listening – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
Dichotic listening – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h-tQgfm2CAs2.Shadowing – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
3.What did dichotic listening experiments show?<\/p>\n
4.Based on results such as these, Donald Broadbent (1958) created a model of attention designed to explain how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn\u2019t taken in from the other message. Explain the stages. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.B.Modifying Broadbent\u2019s Model: More Early Selection Models <\/p>\n
1.What did Mornay and other researchers find out about the processing of the unattended ear?<\/p>\n
2.How did Treisman update Broadbent\u2019s theory? Make sure to define all terms involved. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE. <\/p>\n
C.A Late Selection Model<\/p>\n
1.Other theories were proposed to take into account the results of experiments showing that messages can be selected at a later stage of processing, based primarily on their meaning. What happened in MacKay\u2019s experiment?<\/p>\n
2.Late selection models of attention – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
II.Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load<\/p>\n
A.Terms<\/p>\n
1.Processing capacity \u2013 Define <\/p>\n
2.Perceptual load \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
a.Low-load tasks \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
b.High-load tasks – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
B.Load Theory of Attention – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
Load theory – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vv-ysL4LioY1.How does distraction work differently for low- and high-load tasks? <\/p>\n
2.Explain the Stroop effect. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.Stroop effect (SO FRUSTRATING!!!) – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=reUic5tyVwoInteractive Stroop Effect Experiment<\/p>\n
In this experiment, you are required to say the color of the word, not what the word says.<\/p>\n
http:\/\/faculty.washington.edu\/chudler\/java\/ready.htmlIII.Directing Attention by Scanning a Scene<\/p>\n
A.Scanning a Scene with Eye Movements<\/p>\n
1.Central vision \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.Peripheral vision \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
3.Fovea \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
4.Fixation \u2013 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
5.Saccadic eye movement – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
6.Overt attention – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
B.Scanning Based on Stimulus Salience <\/p>\n
1.Stimulus salience\u2014 Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.Saliency map – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
C.Scanning Based on Cognitive Factors \u2013How is this different from scanning based on stimulus salience?<\/p>\n
D.Scanning Based on Task Demands \u2013 How is this different from the other 2?<\/p>\n
IV.Outcomes of Attention. Define covert attention –<\/p>\n
A.Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to a Location<\/p>\n
1.What happened in Posner\u2019s study? WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.B.Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to Objects<\/p>\n
1.What happened in Egly\u2019s study?<\/p>\n
2.Same-object advantage – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
C.Attention Affects Perception \u2013 How?<\/p>\n
D.Attention Affects Physiological Responding<\/p>\n
1.Attention to Locations Increases Activity in Specific Areas of the Brain – What happens in the brain when people shift their attention to different locations while keeping their eyes stationary?<\/p>\n
2.Attention Changes the Representation of Objects Across the Cortex <\/p>\n
a.What happened in Cukur\u2019s experiment?<\/p>\n
b.Attentional warping- Define \u2013<\/p>\n
V.Divided Attention: Can We Attend to More than One Thing at a Time?<\/p>\n
A.Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing<\/p>\n
1.What happened in Schneider and Shiffrin\u2019s study? WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.2.Automatic processing – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
B.Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult When Tasks Are Harder \u2013 Explain using an experience of your own.<\/p>\n
VI.Distractions<\/p>\n
A.Distractions by Cell Phones While Driving<\/p>\n
1.What happened in the Strayer and Johnston study? <\/p>\n
2.What did Strayer et al conclude?<\/p>\n
3.What about technology that doesn\u2019t require one to take their eyes off the road?<\/p>\n
4.Try to craft a message that would convince drivers to not use their cell-phones or voice-activated tech while driving. <\/p>\n
B.Distractions by the Internet<\/p>\n
1.Experience sampling – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.How does operant conditioning lead to constantly checking your phone?<\/p>\n
VI.What Happens When We Don\u2019t Attend?<\/p>\n
A.Inattentional blindness – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
Inattentional blindness – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TSsuwZvom3g1.What happened in the Simons and Chambris study?<\/p>\n
B.Inattentional Deafness<\/p>\n
1.Visual search – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.Inattentional deafness – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
Inattentional deafness – https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9maXXjc4MwM3.How is this related to task load?<\/p>\n
C.Change detection – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
1.Change blindness – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
Inside NOVA: Change Blindness (Time: 4:07)<\/p>\n
Change blindness and inattentional blindness defined and explained.<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VkrrVozZR2c2.Why does change blindness occur? <\/p>\n
VII. Attention and Experiencing a Coherent World \u2013 Define binding and the binding problem. <\/p>\n
The Binding Problem (Time: 3:25)<\/p>\n
A student presentation covering two binding problem models.http:\/\/youtu.be\/HmIjIqpZmTwA.Feature Integration Theory <\/p>\n
1.Preattentive stage – Define \u2013 <\/p>\n
2.Focused attention stage – Define \u2013<\/p>\n
B.Evidence for Feature Integration Theory<\/p>\n
1.Illusory conjunctions \u2013 Define. <\/p>\n
Questions to Turn In \u2013 Just submit this part of the assignment to Moodle. <\/p>\n
1.Based on results such as these, Donald Broadbent (1958) created a model of attention designed to explain how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn\u2019t taken in from the other message. Explain the stages. (2 points)<\/p>\n
2.How did Treisman update Broadbent\u2019s theory? Make sure to define all terms involved. (2 points)<\/p>\n
3.Explain the Stroop effect. (2 points)<\/p>\n
4.What happened in Posner\u2019s study? (2 points)<\/p>\n
5.What happened in Schneider and Shiffrin\u2019s study? (2 points)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Chapter 4 – Attention Instructions: Using your textbook, complete the definitions\/questions in italics, highlighted in yellow. Keep in mind it<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n