Module 2 Lecture Notes <\/p>\n
How does this week relate to PA?<\/p>\n
Ethics is a driving force in creating\/shirking policy, as well as executing government operations<\/p>\n
Delaying or ignoring can be viable options<\/p>\n
Outsourcing government activities has an impact on how much control an agency can have<\/p>\n
Example: Overexpansion of business<\/p>\n
It\u2019s easy to ensure the quality of a Starbucks Frappuccino when there are 10 locations. They will generally taste the same. The same cannot be said if there are 2,700 locations, right?<\/p>\n
With government the same type of idea exists:<\/p>\n
More variables involved \u2013 more to manage to ensure consistency<\/p>\n
Less control \u2013 over moving parts<\/p>\n
Questions to Think About<\/p>\n
ow For the field: Coopers questions \u2013 how to we infuse ethics into public administration?<\/p>\n
For yFFor yourself: How do you reason executing your job requirements when there is a feeling of personal moral disagreement with the executing action that is taking place?<\/p>\n
FFor field application: What lessons can public administration learn about ethics from other fields?<\/p>\n
Ethics in the Past<\/p>\n
The study of ethics has been at the core of intellectual writing by the Ancient Greeks, with writings still relevant in today\u2019s society<\/p>\n
Aristotle, Plato, Athenian Oath<\/p>\n
Athenian Oath \u2013 an oath sworn by citizens of ancient Athens to serve their fellow citizens. James Madison expressed this in the Federalist papers<\/p>\n
\u201cThe public good, the real welfare of the great body of the people, is the supreme object to be pursued\u201d<\/p>\n
Ethics grounded in Greek tradition<\/p>\n
Teleological \u2013 \u201cTelos\u201d (Result): Importance of maximizing what is good<\/p>\n
Theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved<\/p>\n
Example: Stealing could be viewed as right or wrong depending on the consequences. Suppose I were thinking about stealing a loaf of bread from the grocery store. My motive would have nothing to do with the rightness or wrongness of the act. What matters is the potential for short-term and long-term consequences. If my children were starving and stealing a loaf of bread would immediately prevent them from starving, then I might seriously consider it, But I\u2019d have to know if the consequences would significantly harm the grocery story. What are the odds of getting caught? If I were caught, what would happen to me? Jail? Fined? If I went to jail, who would take care of my children? <\/p>\n
Therefore, even if my motive for stealing (preventing my children from starving) was praiseworthy, the act of stealing might still be wrong because other actions might be more cost-effective in bringing about the desired results. <\/p>\n
Maybe I could sign up for food stamps? Or Ask the store owner to give me a loaf of day-old bread. <\/p>\n
However, if there were no other options and I was sure that I wouldn\u2019t get caught, would it be wrong to do within teleological ethics?<\/p>\n
Deontological \u2013 \u201cDeon\u201d (That which is binding\/duty): emphasizes motivations\/intentions instead of consequences as the most influential element in decision making<\/p>\n
An action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good.<\/p>\n
Some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare<\/p>\n
Human beings are morally required to do (or not do) certain acts in order to uphold a rule or law. The rightness or wrongness or a moral rule is determined independently of its consequences or how happiness or pleasure is distributed.<\/p>\n
Example: Many members of the anti-slavery movement in early 19th century America argued that slavery was wrong, even though slave holders and southern society in general economically benefited from it. Suppose that they slave holders were able to condition the slaves to enjoy living under those conditions (eye roll). From a teleological perspective, slavery would appear to be an ideal economic institution. Everyone is happy! A deontologist would argue that even if the American government conducted a detailed cost\/benefit analysis and decided that slavery created more pleasure in society than pain, it would still be wrong. They would argue that using human beings solely for the purpose of increasing the pleasure of others is simply wrong, even if they seem to consent to such an arrangement. <\/p>\n
Essentially, within deontological ethics, morality is based on whether acts conflict with moral rules or not, and the motivation behind those acts.<\/p>\n
Ethics Definitions<\/p>\n
Ethics was a branch philosophy and is considered a normative science because it\u2019s concerned with the norms of human conduct, as distinguished from formal sciences (math and logic) and empirical sciences (chemistry and physics). <\/p>\n
It\u2019s ongoing contribution to the advancement of knowledge and science continues to make ethics a relevant, if not vital aspect of management theory<\/p>\n
French and Grandrose (1995): \u201cA set of normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest as to enhance societal well-being.\u201d<\/p>\n
Thompson (1985): Good administrative ethics:<\/p>\n
The rights and duties that people should respect when they act in ways that significantly affect the well-being of others.<\/p>\n
The conditions that shared behaviors and policies should satisfy when they similarly affect the well-being of society.<\/p>\n
Bottorff (1997): \u201cBody of principles or standards of human conduct that govern the behavior of individuals and groups — Its Ongoing contribution to the advancement of knowledge and science continues to make ethics a relevant, if not vital aspect of management theory.\u201d<\/p>\n
Martin Luther King, Jr.: The time is always right to do what is right<\/p>\n
Need for Administrative Ethics<\/p>\n
The organization structure in which public employees currently operate engenders ethical dilemmas<\/p>\n
Glass, China, and Reputation are easily cracked and never well mended \u2013 Franklin<\/p>\n
Should administrators obey policies? OR serve the needs of the client<\/p>\n
This is a major issue administrators face<\/p>\n
Strait (1998): Public employees must deal with the challenge of balancing diverse and competing demands.<\/p>\n
Must be able to work within framework of three goals:<\/p>\n
Loyalty to the organization<\/p>\n
Responsiveness to needs of the public<\/p>\n
Consideration for the employees own objectives and desires<\/p>\n
Infusion of ethics in public administration<\/p>\n
Athenian Oath <\/p>\n
Public officials\u2019 oath<\/p>\n
Elected and public officials are sworn into service by taking an oath<\/p>\n
Physicians \u201cdo no harm\u201d<\/p>\n
Attorneys must swear to uphold the constitution (federal and state)<\/p>\n
Like an oath of office, organizational codes of ethics affirm the importance of ethical standards of conduct<\/p>\n
Potential to reduce corruption (not completely erase)<\/p>\n
Fourteen Principles of Ethical Conduct for Federal Employees<\/p>\n
1. Public service is a public trust, requiring employees to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws, and ethical principles above private gain.<\/p>\n
2. Employees shall not hold financial interests that conflict with the conscientious performance of duty.<\/p>\n
3. Employees shall not engage in financial transactions using nonpublic Government information or allow the improper use of such information to further any private interest.<\/p>\n
4. An employee shall not, except as permitted by the Standards of Ethical Conduct, solicit or accept any gift or other item of monetary value from any person or entity seeking official action from, doing business with, or conducting activities regulated by the employee\u2019s agency or whose interest may be substantially affected by the performance or non-performance of the employee\u2019s duties<\/p>\n
5. Employees shall put forth honest effort in the performance of their duties<\/p>\n
6. Employees shall not knowingly make unauthorized commitments or promises of any kind purporting to bind the Government.<\/p>\n
7. Employees shall not use public office for private gain.<\/p>\n
8. Employees shall act impartially and not give preferential treatment to any private organization or individual.<\/p>\n
9. Employees shall protect and conserve Federal property and shall not use it for other than authorized activities<\/p>\n
10. Employees shall not engage in outside employment or activities, including seeking or negotiating for employment that conflict with official Government duties and responsibilities.<\/p>\n
11. Employees shall disclose waste, fraud, abuse, and corruption to appropriate authorities.<\/p>\n
12. Employees shall satisfy in good faith their obligations as citizens, including all financial obligations, especially those \u2013 such as Federal, State, or local taxes that are imposed by law.<\/p>\n
13. Employees shall adhere to all laws and regulations that provide equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or handicap.<\/p>\n
14. Employees shall endeavor to avoid any actions creating the appearance that they are violating the law or the ethical standards set forth in the Standards of Ethical Conduct. Whether particular circumstances create an appearance that the law or these standards have been violated shall be determined from the perspective of a reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts.<\/p>\n
Ethical or Nah?<\/p>\n
Paula works in the public information office of the Internal Revenue Service. A private trade association offers to pay her to teach a short course on a new taxpayer assistance program being implemented by the IRS. <\/p>\n
Can Paula accept the offer?<\/p>\n
Ethical or Nah?<\/p>\n
No!<\/p>\n
An employee may not receive compensation from any source other than the government for teaching, speaking, or writing that relates to the employee\u2019s official duties.<\/p>\n
Corruption<\/p>\n
It starts small<\/p>\n
Shirking responsibility<\/p>\n
Time bandits<\/p>\n
Arrive late to work, leave early, take long lunch breaks, and manipulate leave records<\/p>\n
Take supplies<\/p>\n
Stealing office supplies, abusing expense accounts<\/p>\n
Unauthorized use of supplies<\/p>\n
online shopping, making personal calls, Photocopying\/printing for personal use<\/p>\n
Run a small personal businessat work<\/p>\n
Judith Hawkins ran a ministry in her courtroom, used court time and resources<\/p>\n
Condoning corruption is the result of lowering ethical expectations(Roberts, 2007)<\/p>\n
Misdeeds acceptable as long as they aren\u2019t egregious or newsworthy<\/p>\n
Solutions to Corruption?<\/p>\n
Petty corruption is widely tolerated<\/p>\n
Almost everyone is guilty of this. PA would be gutted if this were a fire able offence (taking home a pen, making a personal phone call)<\/p>\n
By engaging in petty corruption, it provides a foundation for building criminal momentum (slippery slope)<\/p>\n
Toned down if logged in<\/p>\n
People rarely object to them openly<\/p>\n
Is a psychological deterrent for slacking or non-work endeavors<\/p>\n
Large-scale corruption countering is difficult<\/p>\n
Public servants can establish an anticorruption culture<\/p>\n
Disgust or making it known that you an individual are not okay with what happened<\/p>\n
Requesting an explanation of what happened<\/p>\n
Similar to having someone clarify an inappropriate joke<\/p>\n
Calling out misbehavior \u2013 showing that someone noticed<\/p>\n
Bringing it to the attention of supervisors <\/p>\n
Ethical or Nah?<\/p>\n
Sylvia, an employee of the Securities and Exchange Commission, offers to help a friend with a customer complaint by calling the manufacturer of a household appliance. In the course of the conversation with the manufacturer, Sylvia states that she works for the SEC and is responsible for reviewing the manufacturer\u2019s SEC filings.<\/p>\n
Has Sylvia misused her public office?<\/p>\n
Ethical or Nah?<\/p>\n
Yes!<\/p>\n
Employees may not use their public offices for private gain, either their own gain OR that of others. Sylvia used her office to induce a benefit for private purposes.<\/p>\n
Whistleblowers<\/p>\n
Whistleblowing is the disclosure by organizational members (former or current) or illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices under the control of their employers, to persons or organizations that may be able to effect action<\/p>\n
Can be reported within existing organizational mechanisms or through outlets such as the inspector Generals that may be internally connected by independent of normal chain-of-command, or through other public avenues like news agencies or law enforcement, outside of the organizations<\/p>\n
In the public sector, whistleblowing, as a form of \u201cprosocial behavior\u201d in support of public interest, is expected, and sometimes legally required.<\/p>\n
In order for this prosocial behavior to be recognized as such, organizational culture must view whistleblowing as a positive action designed to protect and improve the work environment, creating stronger accountability and transparency within the organization<\/p>\n
Why do workers not whistle blow regularly? <\/p>\n
Internal pressures<\/p>\n
Fear of retaliation<\/p>\n
Let my team down, let the people down in my group<\/p>\n
\u201cGoing along to get along\u201d<\/p>\n
Organizational openness (or lack) for whistleblowing<\/p>\n
Org culture and leadership<\/p>\n
HR policies<\/p>\n
Internal reporting mechanism<\/p>\n
External Pressures<\/p>\n
Not getting another job<\/p>\n
Snowden is still in Russia<\/p>\n
Fear of a tainted reputation<\/p>\n
Negative stereotypes of whistleblowing<\/p>\n
Deep Throat didn\u2019t reveal who he was until he was out of government<\/p>\n
Threats from other officials to proceed<\/p>\n
And if you still do<\/p>\n
Government may just pretend to listen<\/p>\n
Buried in bureaucratic backwaters in the hope that they will be forgotten<\/p>\n
What scenarios are most likely to be reported?<\/p>\n
Legal issues, including theft, discrimination, and harassment, or issues affecting the health and safety of employees (Near et al., 2004)<\/p>\n
Who is most likely to report?<\/p>\n
Employees with higher public service motivation<\/p>\n
Women have been found to whistleblow less than men<\/p>\n
Why do you think this is?<\/p>\n
Fears of retaliation<\/p>\n
Job advancement insecurities<\/p>\n
Socialization theory \u2013 gender expectations for women to be more submissive and obedient (social role expectations)<\/p>\n
Social role expectations for increased acquiescence and compliance by women, particularly in regard to power dynamics within a hierarchical bureaucratic structure, have been analyzed in respect to whistleblowing and increased retaliation for women <\/p>\n
As job security and advancement opportunities for women continue to improve, and workplace environments and human resource practices continue to adapt to the needs of an increasingly diverse workforce, impediments such as increased fears of retaliation against women whistleblowers may decrease.<\/p>\n
Alternatively, evolution in societal conditions and expectations based on gender norms could also reduce this disparity <\/p>\n
A 2011 study (Liyanarachchi and Adler) found that men are more likely to engage in whistleblowing than women at the beginning of their careers and are more likely to whistleblow regardless of retaliation than women when they have strongly established careers.<\/p>\n
When paired with a 2009 study (Kaplan et al.,) showing that women were more likely to report through anonymous channels, this suggests that women\u2019s propensity to engage in whistleblowing is impacted by gender differences in career advancement and job security.<\/p>\n
Notable Unethical Activities in PA<\/p>\n
Tuskegee Study (Syphilis): 1932-1972<\/p>\n
President Nixon\u2019s Watergate Scandal<\/p>\n
President Clinton\u2019s Intern Scandal<\/p>\n
Senator Rob Blagojevich selling of Barack Obama\u2019s U.S. Senator seat<\/p>\n
Prison torture<\/p>\n
Extraordinary rendition abroad<\/p>\n
How NOT to Run an Organization \u2013 Machiavellian<\/p>\n
Niccolo Machiavelli\u2019s beliefs run opposite to good ethics<\/p>\n
The Prince (1532): Provides recommendations on how rulers can gain and maintain power.<\/p>\n
\u201cMeans to an ends\u201d philosophy<\/p>\n
A prince never lacks a legitimate reason to break his promises<\/p>\n
Reinforces ideas of corruption<\/p>\n
His works illustrated corruption and misdeeds in government<\/p>\n
8 Characteristics of Machiavellian Individuals<\/p>\n
They are dishonest<\/p>\n
They are cunning<\/p>\n
Usually narcissistic<\/p>\n
Their ends justify their means<\/p>\n
All of their \u201cmoves\u201d are part of a game<\/p>\n
Subtle use of control and manipulation<\/p>\n
They loved to be loved, but not at the expense of being \u201crespected\u201d<\/p>\n
They only reveal true intentions if it provides an advantage to them<\/p>\n
Machiavellian Examples<\/p>\n
Frank Underwood<\/p>\n
House of Cards<\/p>\n
Ruthless pragmatist, consummate liar, capable of sabotage, killer<\/p>\n
Petyr \u201cLittlefinger\u201d Baelish<\/p>\n
Game of Thrones<\/p>\n
\u201cChaos is a ladder\u201d<\/p>\n
Takes advantage of the chaos, backstabbing<\/p>\n
Gustavo Fring<\/p>\n
Breaking Bad<\/p>\n
Scar<\/p>\n
The Lion King<\/p>\n
Deceitful, ambitious, sly, amoral<\/p>\n
Lord Varys<\/p>\n
Game of Thrones<\/p>\n
Master of Whispers \u2013 employs an army of children who act as informants <\/p>\n
Will do whatever it takes to serve the realm<\/p>\n
Tom Ripley<\/p>\n
The Talented Mr. Ripley<\/p>\n
Amoral, does not allow emotions to impact behavior, will use violence to achieve his goals<\/p>\n
Cartman<\/p>\n
South Park<\/p>\n
Will do anything to further a goal<\/p>\n
Framed his mother for drug production\/distribution<\/p>\n
Minced two people (parents) into festival chili con carne for revenge<\/p>\n
Talented manipulator \u2013 emotional blackmail<\/p>\n
Game of chess lacking empathy<\/p>\n
Stalin<\/p>\n
Stalin epitomized the \u201cNew Prince\u201d Machiavelli described<\/p>\n
Ruthless in his conduct \u2013 responsible for the death of approx. 40 million people<\/p>\n
Eliminated all opposition \u2013 crushing those who threatened the stability of his regime<\/p>\n
Random purges and stream of executions ensured that the civilians were too weak\/afraid to pose a significant threat<\/p>\n
However, the majority of Russians were loyal to him<\/p>\n
Frederickson<\/p>\n
\u201cThe hope of virtue in the public life is to be found not just in the individual propensity to be ethical, but more so in the development of organizational rules and procedures, in virtuous leadership, and in the development of virtuous public cultures,\u201d Frederickson (2010).<\/p>\n
Argues that public administration has been slow to react to different types of \u201cpublic contexts\u201d and ethical issues that emerge in those contexts.<\/p>\n
Public?<\/p>\n
Due to the increase in private and non-profit work in the field of government due to privatization and contracting out, Frederickson believed organizations are now public (though not fully governmental)<\/p>\n
This meant a dynamic range of clearly public to slightly public<\/p>\n
Example: School districts \u2013 now have charter school options, vouchers, etc.<\/p>\n
Charter schools (NGOs) are public but not as governmental<\/p>\n
Institutions and organizations (NGOs) have an impact on public life, thus all are on the spectrum of publicness<\/p>\n
Traditional Ethics Canon of PA – Slide<\/p>\n
Virtue<\/p>\n
Traditional public administration ethics canon didn\u2019t fix big issues (Goal displacement, poverty\/homeless).<\/p>\n
It did fix small issues (misuse of PCs, Car regulations, cellphones)<\/p>\n
Red Tape still arose.<\/p>\n
Focused on what should not be done rather than what should be done<\/p>\n
Did little to reduce corruption at the political\/electoral level, focused on small ethics <\/p>\n
We are now in an era of \u201cReally Big Government\u201d<\/p>\n
Not so much public workers (which there are a lot), but contracting has expanded greatly.<\/p>\n
American governments at all levels have moved steadily in the direction of taking managerial and service-delivery functions out of the hands of civil servants and putting them in the hands of nonprofit and for-profit third-party contractors and grantees<\/p>\n
Core administrative functions like HR, Payroll, Budgeting, IT, and Record Keeping<\/p>\n
Could ethical issues arise when outsourcing these functions?<\/p>\n
Big Government<\/p>\n
The civil service decreased almost 25 percent from 1974-1999, while the contract workforce doubled at the federal level during the same time period.<\/p>\n
For every non-uniformed federal employee, there are now more than seven contract workers<\/p>\n
What does this mean? More \u201cthird-party\u201d work!<\/p>\n
Decentralization- As activities get outsourced, there is often less quality control, ability to monitor actions. <\/p>\n
What is the difference between a federal employee and a federal contractor?<\/p>\n
Federal contractors are paid higher salaries (sometimes)<\/p>\n
Contractors have less job security\/stability<\/p>\n
Easier to get a contractor job<\/p>\n
Contractors don\u2019t get the same level of retirement benefits<\/p>\n
Contractor \u2013 good in the short term; shitty in the long term<\/p>\n
How Big is It?<\/p>\n
33 \u2013 50 percent of budgeted activities at the state level are for federal activities to be carried out at the state level (Medicare, Medicaid, job training, etc.).<\/p>\n
Outsourcing federal policy implementation to the states, who then outsource to their counties, who then work with private and non-profit organizations to do the work<\/p>\n
Extraordinary rendition<\/p>\n
CIA outsourced the interrogation and torture of suspects arrested abroad.<\/p>\n
As of 2010, 17 million people make up the extended workforce.<\/p>\n
The number will continue to rise!<\/p>\n
Institutions now function on a spectrum of publicness (clearly public, slightly public)<\/p>\n
Each institution\u2019s place on the spectrum is fluid<\/p>\n
Back to Virtue<\/p>\n
Frederickson believed that public life needed to be focused<\/p>\n
Full understanding of the public sector broadly defined<\/p>\n
Followed by ethics and morality collectively rather than individually<\/p>\n
Ethics and morality includes government AND all institutions and organizations that are public and have public obligations<\/p>\n
Ethics canon must be built as you build ethics in the modern public sector<\/p>\n
What do YOU think?<\/p>\n
What issues do you see?<\/p>\n
Governmental control?<\/p>\n
Accountability?<\/p>\n
What organization earns contracting?<\/p>\n
Enforcement of issues?<\/p>\n
Confusion?<\/p>\n
Others?<\/p>\n
Recap!<\/p>\n
Ethics are grounded in Greek tradition<\/p>\n
Teleological \/ Deontological<\/p>\n
Athenian Code<\/p>\n
Outsourcing of Government <\/p>\n
Civil service decreased almost 25 percent from 1974-1999, while the contract workforce doubled at the federal level during the same time period.<\/p>\n
What does this mean? More \u201cthird-party\u201d work!<\/p>\n
Decentralization- As activities get outsourced, there is often less quality control, ability to monitor actions.<\/p>\n
As of 2020, 5 million people make up the contracted workforce.<\/p>\n
How does this section relate to PA?<\/p>\n
Ethics is a driving force in creating policy, as well as executing government operations.<\/p>\n
Many elements are considered when thinking about public health threats domestically and internationally<\/p>\n
Who is at risk domestically?<\/p>\n
How fast does it spread?<\/p>\n
If it is quickly, should we quarantine?<\/p>\n
Does quarantining violate citizen rights?<\/p>\n
Friedrich-Finer Debate<\/p>\n
1935 \u2013 Carl Friedrich initiated a debate with Herman Finer on the relationship between ministers and public servants<\/p>\n
Central issue in the debate: tension between accountability and responsibility<\/p>\n
Nature of Public Service<\/p>\n
Friedrich \u2013 a responsible person gives an account. Accountability + Responsibility = rational account to be given<\/p>\n
Finer \u2013 responsibility involves a relationship of obedience to an external controlling authority. Accountability + Responsibility = obedience of one to another<\/p>\n
Politics and Administration<\/p>\n
Friedrich \u2013 Politicians can\u2019t oversee every last detail of the work of public servants (may not be understood by anyone but a specialist \u2013 best left to experts). Argued that policy and administration, though conceptually distinct, blend together in practice, making policy dependent on administrative knowledge of technical details and likewise administration involved political judgement about what can\/can\u2019t be done in a social context. Two way flow.<\/p>\n
Finer \u2013 Says he\u2019s wrong. He sees their difference as a difference between the \u201csense of duty\u201d (Friedrich) and the \u201cfact of responsibility\u201d (Finer). Argues that the fact of responsibility is obedience to explicit direction. Politics and administration must be sharply distinguished with the former to direct and the latter to obey. One way relationship. Ministers must supervise administrators in the name of democracy, as the elected representatives of the people. <\/p>\n
Responsibility<\/p>\n
Finer \u2013 Responsibility is an arrangement of correction and punishment even up to dismissal both of politicians and officials (compliance-based)<\/p>\n
Friedrich \u2013 Responsibility cannot be seen strictly in policy-neutral compliance or in legalistic notions of accountability. Functional responsibility \u2013 adherence to professional standards based on objectivity and detachment (rational based)<\/p>\n
Remind you of Weber?<\/p>\n
Carl Friedrich (1901-1984)<\/p>\n
PhD in History from U. Heidelberg<\/p>\n
German \/ Lecturer @ Harvard<\/p>\n
(1940) <\/p>\n
Ethics was a moral compass that would guide public administrators through the chaos of ethical dilemmas<\/p>\n
Code of ethics with internalized standards<\/p>\n
PA literature has sided mostly with Friedrich<\/p>\n
Later predicted that US would be totalitarian by 2000<\/p>\n
Herman Finer (1898-1964)<\/p>\n
PhD in Economics from U. London<\/p>\n
Russian \/ Lectured at Harvard & Chicago<\/p>\n
(1941)<\/p>\n
Argued that external controls is most compatible with a view of public administrator as a neutral person who merely carries out tasks<\/p>\n
\u201cObedience to explicit direction”<\/p>\n
Holding an official accountable for their actions is an arrangement of checks and balances<\/p>\n
Most of PA practice has been directed at external controls<\/p>\n
Seen in additional laws and regulations to promote ethics<\/p>\n
Adams & Balfour<\/p>\n
Little recognition of the most fundamental ethical challenge to administration: Once can be \u201cgood\u201d or responsible as an administrator and at the same time commit \/ aide to considerable acts of administrative evil.<\/p>\n
Milgram (1974) \u201cAgentic Shift\u201d \u2013 where professional administrators acts responsibly toward the hierarchy of authority, public policy, and the requirements of the job or profession while abdicating any personal or social responsibility for the content or effects of administrative actions<\/p>\n
Rubenstein (1975): No laws against genocide were broken by people that perpetrated the Holocaust. Everything was legally sanctioned and administratively approved by a legitimated authority<\/p>\n
Administrators in the Holocaust were effective and responsible administrators who used administrative discretion to both influence and carry out the will of their superiors<\/p>\n
Rubenstein IS NOT supporting the Holocaust in any fashion with this statement!<\/p>\n
Moral void is evidenced by the fact that many people that participated in The Holocaust weren\u2019t punished and even received jobs in postwar Germany.<\/p>\n
The need for \u201cgood managers\u201d to rebuild the German economy and to develop US rocket program outweighed any consideration of the administrative evil they were a part of.<\/p>\n
Similarly to Tuskegee, scientific methods were used in ways that dehumanized and murdered innocent human beings. Professionalism consistent with modernity drives away moral reasoning. <\/p>\n
Adams & Balfour<\/p>\n
History has shown that people are rather powerless in terms of exercising moral conscience when compared to a legitimate authority<\/p>\n
Currently, one can\u2019t be a \u201ccivil servant\u201d and be in public disagreement with legally constituted political authorities.<\/p>\n
One can voice disagreement with a public policy privately, but if this does not result in a change of policy, the only acceptable course of action that remains are to leave or comply. <\/p>\n
Think about \u2013 teachers and mask mandates this fall<\/p>\n
Holocaust shows us that civil servants are likely to be helpless victims or willing accomplices<\/p>\n
What kind of ethical system allows an individual to be a good administrator while committing acts of evil?<\/p>\n
Adams & Balfour argue that it doesn\u2019t: Morally wrong<\/p>\n
Norms of legality, efficiency and effectiveness do not necessarily promote or protect the well-being of individuals, especially of society\u2019s most vulnerable populations<\/p>\n
Adams & Balfour<\/p>\n
Reconstructing Public Ethics<\/p>\n
American liberal democracy is vastly procedural: Based on elements that are laid out, it is black-and-white and methodical.<\/p>\n
Civil liberties, voting, fair procedures in decision making, technical-rational policy making, equal employment opportunity \u2013 address outcomes<\/p>\n
Not based on \u201creal\u201d day-to-day conditions of people\u2019s lives.<\/p>\n
Which ultimately enable or disallow them to act as citizens in a democratic state<\/p>\n
Our core American value of individualism is contradicted at time via maneuvering through cultural \/ social norms and the constant bombardment of the attempt by others to influence us.<\/p>\n
Alasdair MacIntyre: Bureaucratic Individualism<\/p>\n
The freedom to make private decisions is bought at the cost of turning most public decisions to bureaucratic managers and experts.<\/p>\n
Individualism has the tendency to destroy its own conditions<\/p>\n
Adams & Balfour: Communitarism<\/p>\n
We are all interdependent \u2013 fates are intertwined (no one will acknowledge this)<\/p>\n
Want to maintain the perception of our individuality<\/p>\n
Social groups are fractioned (racism, homophobia, etc.)<\/p>\n
We have been held together, as a country, through coercive power and public policies of elimination <\/p>\n
Technical\/rational solution to social and political disorder<\/p>\n
A challenge that America faces is paradoxical:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Module 2 Lecture Notes How does this week relate to PA? Ethics is a driving force in creating\/shirking policy, as<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n