establish the quality of leadership amongst the academicians in ECAE.

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105370” Abstract PAGEREF _Toc407105370 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105371” 1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc407105371 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105372” 1.1 Background PAGEREF _Toc407105372 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105373” 1.2 Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc407105373 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105374” 1.2.1 Leadership Theories and Change PAGEREF _Toc407105374 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105375” 2.2 Leadership Theory Development amid the Deans PAGEREF _Toc407105375 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105376” 1.2.2 Principal theory amid the Professors PAGEREF _Toc407105376 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105377” 1.2.3 Leader-Member Exchange Theory explaining Lecturers PAGEREF _Toc407105377 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105378” 1.2.4 Senior Management Team PAGEREF _Toc407105378 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105379” 1.2.5 Leadership theories PAGEREF _Toc407105379 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105380” 2. Research Problem PAGEREF _Toc407105380 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105381” 2.1 Research Question PAGEREF _Toc407105381 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105382” 2.2 Research Problem PAGEREF _Toc407105382 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105383” 3.METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc407105383 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105384” 3.1 Methods PAGEREF _Toc407105384 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105385” 3.2 Sampling PAGEREF _Toc407105385 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105386” 3.3 Validity PAGEREF _Toc407105386 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105387” 3.4 Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc407105387 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105388” 3.5 Significance of study PAGEREF _Toc407105388 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105389” 4.Finding and Discussion PAGEREF _Toc407105389 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105390” 5.Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc407105390 h 19

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105391” 6.Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc407105391 h 19

HYPERLINK l “_Toc407105392” References PAGEREF _Toc407105392 h 20

Abstract

All through the historical backdrop of education at Emirates College for Advanced Education, leaders have utilized numerous diverse styles to lead representatives. From the early styles of Autocratic and Laissez-Faire to Participative (popularity based), Transactional and Transformational leadership. Emirates College for Advanced Education has advanced through the years in a few associations to a more participative style but there are still leaders who stick to an obsolete tyrannical style.

The motivation behind this paper distinguished quality speculations, leadership hypotheses and change procedures that have shaped or are trim the education culture. Change must happen if the culture of Emirates College for Advanced Education is going to meet the requests of the 21st century and a few issues influencing this change were examined. An inside and out survey of the value-based and transformational styles of leadership was seen as being the styles that a leader in the 21st century would need to use to address the needs of their representatives and inspire them to achievement and consummation toward oneself.

IntroductionThis chapter was used is used to highlight the background of study as well as the literature review. It is used to give prompt information about leadership

1.1 Background

In any case, this research will give a concise foundation presentation of the research endeavor in week 5 of ‘Emirates College for Advanced Education Change in Emirates College for Advanced Education’. The organization was established by business visionary Emirates College for Advanced Education in 2005. Emirates College for Advanced Education and a few associates set up another organization when they cleared out a medium measured academic institution. Emirates College for Advanced Education had parts of her Senior Management Team which are all females, mid-twenties and with no involvement in the organization leadership (Dugan & Komives, 2010). Be that as it may, Emirates College for Advanced Education settled on a choice to set up another innovational organization and set standard necessities for the organization. After that, she saw three fundamental issues in the introductory stage after the establishment of the manufacturing plant. Leadership qualities, whether characteristic or supported, are unique edges that separate single person. Each individual has notable leadership potential however fluctuate in the level of realization. Therefore, to be a decent leader, the advancement of leadership ought to be a ceaseless process that must be always measured, looked into and worked at to guarantee that the need of activity is gainful in the long haul. In this research, I will quantify my leadership potential and create a leadership advancement arrange by assessing my current qualities in correlation to the leadership improvement model picked, and look for criticism from an individual coach. With more noteworthy mindfulness and more extensive viewpoint, I will layout period of activity expected to achieve more prominent open doors and future profession development (Dugan & Komives, 2010).

Most importantly, there is a genuine budgetary trouble constrained on the Senior Management Team. Second, a few breaks have showed up in the SMT’s companionship at the introductory phase of building a business sector. Third, there are some negative medications from their rivals. To aggregate up these three principle issues, Emirates College for Advanced Education remarked on her method for seeing the organization through the start-up stage. She said that she had a dream and attempted to make it clear to staffs to make them going the same way towards one objective. Else, she not just dedicated herself to managing all issues that the staff had additionally believed her staffs to be completely dedicated to what they needed and was interested in any thought on the best way to make that vision work out truly.

In perspective of the methods for Emirates College for Advanced Education leadership, it is not elusive out the three advanced leadership hypotheses and methodologies in her remarks. This research will make a discriminating analysis of the quality and the shortcoming of Emirates College for Advanced Education leadership for Emirates College for Advanced Education by utilizing the learning as a part of leadership (Dugan & Komives, 2010).

1.2 Literature Review

Leadership style is the mix of attributes, abilities, and practices leaders use as they cooperate with representatives (Lussier & Achua, 2004). With the goal one should support an authority style, one must comprehend where the leadership styles started. As the years progressed, the theme of leadership has been discussed.

1.2.1 Leadership Theories and Change

Nonetheless, research demonstrates that certain qualities or characteristics are characteristic in leaders (Dugan & Komives, 2010). As indicated by examination, the 2001 proffered leaders as keeping up specific characteristics. These qualities were focused around physical and identity attributes and also sagacity and interpersonal aptitudes (Dugan & Komives, 2010). Eddy (2010) related the Great Man Trait Theory with that of the Aristotelian rationality, which demonstrated that leaders were conceived and not made and relying upon the need a leader would surface. The constraints of quality hypothesis are that leaders cannot be created through their aptitudes and training (Eddy, 2010).

Interestingly with attribute speculations, the behavioral system focused on the conspicuous activities that made an individual a powerful leader (Fulton & Milling, 2005). Individual Behavior Theories talked about in the Emirates College for Advanced Education studies distinguished two more Styles of Leadership: occupation focused (errand) and worker focused (individuals). The employment focused (errand starting structure) conduct concentrates on the leader taking control keeping in mind the end goal to take care of business and the representative focused (individuals attention) conduct concentrates on the leader addressing the needs of representatives and creating connections (McCaffery, 2010The discoveries in the Emirates College for Advanced Education study demonstrated that leaders who were exceptionally representative situated and permitted cooperation cultivated more profitable groups. Then again, leaders who were more worried about fulfilling errands developed lower creating groups. The discoveries from the Emirates College for Advanced Education study accentuated the attention and launching structure as the two hidden structures found in the Emirates College for Advanced Education.

2.2 Leadership Theory Development amid the Deans On the premise of the leadership origination we can characterized that “leadership is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to attain a typical objective” (Eddy, 2010). This definition underscore on three key focuses – ‘procedure’, ‘impacts’, and ‘normal objective’. Also, leadership is providing guidance adjusting individuals to the vision and helping them adapt to changes. For sample, the Chancellor of Emirates College for Advanced Education was a leader who gave the key vision as the overseeing chief to his entire organization. With the advancement of leadership hypothesis, a few scholastics set forward a couple of systems for leadership orderly, from the first Trait Approach to the current Ethical Leadership Approach which has encountered a few times of development. Individuals look for more data to answer what makes a decent leader and how to be a decent leader (Fulton & Milling, 2005). The vast majority of them accept that owning the capacity of leadership could enhance their social positions, individual developments of ideological ethical quality and the personal satisfaction. Numerous effective leaders are generally outfitted with great individual qualities and thorough expert data. What’s more, they hold their feelings with steadiness and intrepidly confront new difficulties and changes.

1.2.2 Principal theory amid the Professors

In this case study, the principal theory is advanced methodologies of leadership. It contains way objective hypothesis, leader part trade hypothesis and transformational versus value-based hypothesis. At that point, it will make a specific analysis on these hypotheses in the accompanying segments. Way objective hypothesis initially showed up in the leadership writing in ahead of schedule 1970s. It expands on behavioral and possibility approaches which are concerned with how leadership conduct can propel the fulfillment and execution of an adherent in an Emirates College for Advanced Education encompassing. It stresses the relationship and leadership practices between subordinate’s attributes and assignment qualities. The fundamental test of a leader in associations is to utilize a leadership style that best fulfills adherents’ motivational needs and to control devotees along a way to attaining the normal objective, which appears alluring and build supporters certainty. Fulton & Milling (2005) depicted four styles of heading subordinates which comprise of “Mandate Leadership, Supportive Leadership, Participative Leadership and Achievement-situated Leadership”. It is utilized to investigate confused connections in an association.

The way objective hypothesis has a few viable gimmicks. To begin with, it clarifies how different leadership practices associate with supporters and assignment qualities and how to pick a proper leadership style to influence subordinates’ fulfillments and work exhibitions. Second, way objective hypothesis is that “it endeavors to incorporate the inspiration standards of hope hypothesis into a hypothesis of leadership” (Fulton & Milling, 2005). A third positive gimmick of way objective hypothesis is that it manages an extremely viable model.

Despite the fact that way objective hypothesis has these positive gimmicks, it likewise has some inverse sides. Most importantly, this hypothesis is so mind boggling and wide which incorporates such a variety of diverse correlative conditions. In this manner, with a particular Emirates College for Advanced Education connection, it is so hard to utilize it to improve the leadership process. A second feedback of this hypothesis is that “it doesn’t give meet consideration on all pertinent angles and the examination results don’t give a full and correspondent finish of the fundamental suppositions and outcomes” (McCaffery, 2010). This may be because of the defect of measuring strategy in leadership conduct and estimation scale in work structure. An alternate restriction of way objective hypothesis is that it doesn’t go sufficiently far to clarify sufficiently the relationship between subordinates inspiration and leadership conduct. At last, this methodology just considers about the obligation of leaders, yet ignores the capacities of subordinates.

For this situation study, Emirates College for Advanced Education remarked that she had a dream and she attempted to make it clear to staff to going the same way towards one objective. She utilized way objective hypothesis in her leadership to help this vision in a pragmatic manner. It is useful for the improvement of Emirates College for Advanced Education. In any case, on the inverse side, while utilizing this leadership strategy, Emirates College for Advanced Education plays a defender, help and visionary all in the meantime. It is a lot of weight to leaders. It obliges that leaders must give subordinates fulfillments and profits to make them acknowledge the leadership. Something else, leaders must change their styles to adjust distinctive subordinates. This will ease off the organization advancement and bring enormous difficulties for leaders.

1.2.3 Leader-Member Exchange Theory explaining Lecturers

Leader-member exchange theory initially postured by McCaffery (2010). In their initial Vertical Dyad Link Model (VDL) research, through the immaculate hypothetical deduction they made another inference that leaders treat their subordinates at distinctive levels. The relationship amid Emirates College for Advanced Education departments will for the most part incorporate a little set of high characteristics of the trade relationship (In-Group) and an extensive number of low characteristics of the trade relationship (Out-Group). This methodology brings up that leaders have a tendency to picked adherents who offer comparable individual qualities with leaders and more equipped trademark in their In-Group. LMX hypothesis has likewise gauge the individuals’ In-gathering will get elevated amounts of execution and lower partition rates (Sowmya, Majumdar & Gallant, 2010).Through the cognition of LMX theory, this methodology is a solid graphic hypothesis which affirms the relationship between individuals in associations with leader and one another. Individuals who help more, they will get more; others helpless and get less. What’s more, it is the one and only approach that underscores the powerful leadership is dependent upon successful leader part trades. A powerful leadership ought to underscore the correspondence of leaders and subordinates. LMX hypothesis is not just give careful consideration to the centrality of correspondence additionally cautions leaders to be reasonable and equivalent to their subordinates. “In an audit of this examination, Graen and Uhl-Bien brought up that leader part trade is identified with execution, Emirates College for Advanced Education duty, work atmosphere, development, authoritative citizenship conduct, strengthening, procedural and distributive equity, profession advance, and numerous other vital authoritative variables” (McCaffery, 2010). ). Considering the reactions in LMX hypothesis, the most apparent shortcoming is it isolates the work into two gatherings and one and only of them gets additional consideration. Moreover, an audit of the related examination uncovers a paramount oversight in LMX-related studies, that is, “LMX research has not investigated correspondence fulfillment as a significant ward variable” (Mueller, Bridget H., 2002). “Third, questions have been upgraded about the estimation of leader part trades in LMX hypothesis and the absence of substance validity in the estimation scales”( McNair, Duree & Ebbers, 2011″For sample, no exact studies have utilized dyadic measures to dissect the LMX process” (McNair, Duree & Ebbers, 2011). Also, there are a considerable measure of distinctive variants and explanatory levels of leader part trade scales which are not generally straightforwardly tantamount. “At long last, there have been questions concerning whether the standard scale used to quantify trades is one-dimensional or multidimensional

1.2.4 Senior Management TeamFor the situation ponder five, the Senior Management Team in Emirates College for Advanced Education are all female, mid-twenties and have no involvement in organization leadership, they are all Emirates College for Advanced Education quondam partners (McNair, Duree & Ebbers, 2011). It ought to upgrade the correspondence, learning and esteem between one another which could help to advance the participation soul and the Emirates College for Advanced Education durable power (Morrill, 2010). Anyway it created the substantial budgetary load put on the SMT who all possess an offer of the business. They start up their monies needed from their own particular reserve funds, gives particularly their families. It obliged Emirates College for Advanced Education to adjust the association with each subordinate. Something else, there are a few cracks showed up in the SMT’s fellowships, it made a strained time for the organization which require Kristy to contemplate how to tackle the splits promptly. Attempting to make all adherents oblige her in one gathering and satisfy their commitments.

1.2.5 Leadership theoriesIn the different leadership speculations, there are two ideas that I am ready to identify with in my leadership improvement plan. Firstly, it is the ability approach where I accept that leadership qualities can be supported to create a decent leader. Likewise, I feel that the servant leadership hypothesis is fundamental as it rotate around the enthusiasm of a group and moral measurement (Zhao, 2010).

Not at all like the characteristics hypothesis, has expertise methodology relied on upon one’s abilities to create leadership qualities. Morrill (2010) accepts that anybody can turn into a leader if exertion were placed into sustain the abilities in vital viewpoints. As expressed in Katz’s three-ability approach, she said that specialized, human and calculated abilities can be created. The methodology considers one as a powerful leader when the three of leadership aptitudes are procured and used to perform an objective (Taleb, 2010). As indicated by Katz’s leadership ability chart, specialized, human and calculated aptitudes are needed at distinctive level relying upon the leadership level. Nonetheless, human aptitude is kept up to be paramount at all levels. Human ability is alluded as the capacity to work with individuals where leadership is centered on building relationship, persuading others and cooperating as a group. Where I feel is paramount as a potential leader, subsequently it is the center of my leadership improvement plan.

As I would see it, leadership is a long way from simply the enthusiasm of an individual yet the prosperity of others too. As per Rodriguez, Guido, Torres & Talbot (2000) Norman Vincent Peale said that “the man who lives for himself is a disappointment; the man who lives for others has attained genuine progress”. Being a free individual, I find that the servant leadership hypothesis would support in my plan to comprehend the significance of the development as a leader alongside the development of others through conveying, listening and building interrelationship. The thought of servant leadership that was created by Greenleaf has enormously affected and upheld today’s fruitful leaders. An effective leader is somebody who places other individuals like companions or clients as the top need. Dissimilar to the conventional leadership ideal model, leadership is shaped in a progressive system structure where leaders oversee by power and apprehension. The advanced servant leadership hypothesis is focused around five vital angles: trust, regard, shared understanding, imparted experience and normal objective (Rodriguez, Guido, Torres & Talbot, 2000) feels that leadership is not about the position level. Servant leadership hypothesis is not impacted by the force or power, however the readiness to help; the dedication to construct the development of a group overall. In the servant leadership hypothesis, a great leader is an understudy too, where there are steady adapting alongside their associates through input and strengthening.Transformational leadership is emulating the leadership hypothesis of qualities methodology, situational methodology and possibility approach. Since the early 1980s by the American political humanist James Macgregor Burns in his traditional book -“Leadership”, proposed this new leadership style.

Transformational leadership hypothesis has a considerable measure of comprehensiveness which makes a broad depiction in a leadership process. When all is said in done, transformational leadership hypothesis makes an association with leaders and subordinates, and it attempted to make a methodology to enhance the element and the individual morals in both sides. The transformational leaders advance the cooperation of Emirates College for Advanced Education parts through their own practices and the tend to subordinates’ requests. In the meantime, through made and announced the authoritative point of view, setting up a changing air and finished the Emirates College for Advanced Education objectives in a successful procedure to advance the flexibility of Emirates College for Advanced Education, the objective can be accomplished. “It is concerned with qualities, feelings, benchmarks, morals, and long haul objectives and it likewise incorporates surveying devotees’ thought processes, fulfilling their needs, and treating them as full individuals. It is a process that frequently fuses alluring and visionary leadership” (Rodriguez, Guido, Torres & Talbot, 2000).

Transformational leadership hypothesis fundamentally originates from top leadership, whether it is suitable for lower leaders and how to apply to lower leaders is still an unsolved issue. Additionally, it ought to be a more exact research in the appropriateness of transformational leadership hypothesis with diverse social situations. Furthermore, this methodology connects vitality to “individuals” elements, whether leaders or subordinates are all perplexing man and there are numerous variables to impact them. This will without a doubt influence the full play of the transformational leadership.

The value-based leadership is not quite the same as transformational leadership which does not concentrate on adherents’ self-awareness. It was advanced via Hollander in 1978. Hollander regarded that “leadership happened in a given circumstance, leaders and adherents keep up an exchange process. Leaders by an agreeable errand and persona’ needs to guide and propel subordinates to finish the association’s objectives”. “Value-based leaders are persuasive on the grounds that it is to the greatest advantage of subordinates for them to do what the leader needs” (Rodriguez, Guido, Torres & Talbot, 2000).

Value-based leadership could turn into an instrument for private increases. It could be intemperate stress on ‘primary concern’, in this manner turn into a ‘fleeting conduct’, just consider the quest for efficiencies and the augmentation of benefits and disregard some long haul things. It could likewise make devotees to fall into a corrupt and silly zone with the compelling weights, exorbitant prizes and disciplines. The most lethal is value-based leadership just knows to utilization of unmistakable and impalpable conditions to trade values with subordinates for getting the leadership. It is not ready to give representatives the importance of work. Accordingly, the value-based leadership couldn’t move the eagerness of workers or create their creativities.

On the premise of these two hypotheses, it brought on another thinking however it is hard to have an outright reply about which leadership methodology is better. Transformational leadership has its relevant conditions and value-based leadership likewise has its stage. Thus, with an unexpected system, it ought to apply to an extraordinary circumstance. The most imperative thing is the parity of transformational leadership versus value-based leadership. It is about being value-based in a transformational manner.

The careful analysis five focuses out that Kristy had security, inspiration and vision in the meantime and completely believed her subordinates. The supporters acknowledged and appreciated the devolution and the obligation. Kristy is not a control monstrosity. She made the test in a valuable manner. Presently the organization has new clients consistently and broke into new markets. The change never stops in Emirates College for Advanced Education. Kristy utilized the transformational and value-based hypothesis to complete the procedure of fulfillment in the middle of her and subordinates. She made subordinates perceive the obligation and the connotation of their errands, furthermore gave exclusive standard to motivate them to accomplish the basic objective. She thought about the interest, capacity and longing of adherents. Else, she tuned in, created and guided her subordinates to experience childhood in difficulties (Rodriguez, Guido, Torres & Talbot, 2000).

2. Research Problem2.1 Research Questions

The research questions below will be investigated via a mixed-method investigation, employing semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires in ECAE from perspective of deans, professors, lecturers and head teachers. The following are the research questions.

1. What are the quality leadership roles in institutional functioning?

2. What are leadership styles that influence employees’ functioning?

3. What are leadership styles that influence learners’ learning?

2.2 Research ProblemAccording to Harding and Darling (2003), the perception of leadership on knowledge and attitude is essential in making transformation in higher education environment. The implication inferred from this is that educators’ attained knowledge on learning and attitude have an impact on their adaptation instruction as well and their performance. It is as a result of their constant and direct interaction with the learners in the learning environment. Leadership and approach can influence the achievement of the execution of learning effectiveness, and for this reason, it is essential to establish the quality of leadership amongst the academicians in ECAE.

METHODOLOGYAs per Parahoo (2006), the outline chose for exploration ought to be the most suited in order to attain a response to the proposed examination questions. Smolders and Grove (2003:27) set subjective examination is “a formal, objective, thorough, well-organized methodology for creating data about the world. With the end goal of the proposed examination address the specialist has decided to complete a subjective exploration configuration to recognize variables identified with leadership in the midst of workers at Emirates College for Advanced Education

3.1 Methods

There are a few sorts of subjective studies that can be organized under the headings of genuine test, semi exploratory and non-trial outlines (Andreas, 2012). Questionnaires can likewise be directed face to face interviews or in a few cases via phone (Bachellerie, 2010). Stratified arbitrary extent examining will embrace in this review by utilization of report toward oneself surveys with corresponding allotment by offices. A set of organized self-directed survey will convey. It is outline to uncover the data, misperceptions and consistence in different methodology and issues in gloves use amid intravenous insertion and drawing blood. These comprise of four sections as taking after:

(1) Standard questions to assemble member data,

(2) Questions relating to standard safeguards data,

(3) Questions on consistence with standard insurances, and

(4) A general suitability toward oneself scale.Standard insurances learning questions will create. They allude to the fundamental ideas, substance, and action prerequisites of the standard precautionary measures, covering 20 things, with conceivable reactions of ‘yes’, ‘no’, or ‘obscure’. “Yes” is given an estimation of 1 point, and “no” or “obscure” 0 focuses; the greatest conceivable score is 20. The higher the score, the more noteworthy the learning about standard insurances the member has (Yang Lou et.al.2010). The general sufficiency toward oneself scale (GSES) was that initially concocted by German clinician Schwarzer and partners in 1981(Bolman & Gallos, 2010). It has been showed to give a decent representation of reasonability toward oneself in an assortment of settings (Carnes, Morrissey & Geller, 2008). This system additionally will be actualizing in this study. The scale is a solitary measurement scale, with 10 questions. Each one inquiry is relegated focuses from 1 to 4, and the final score is the normal score of the 10 questions. Shut finished questions are planned so that the reactions are particular to the examination targets and also Open-ended Questions will define as well. The dialect of correspondence is English and the same device is utilized for all the subjects (Cawthorne, 2010).

3.2 SamplingQualitative research normally strives to guarantee a specimen has an “ordinary” circulation. A likelihood examining technique is any system for testing that uses some manifestation of irregular determination. Investigative alludes to the taking of an agent parcel of the populace or universe as illustrative of that populace or universe (DeMets & Califf, 2011). An sample includes the components of the populace considered for real consideration in the study or it can be seen as a subset of estimation from a populace in which the scientist is intrigued (Dugan & Komives, 2010). The study will utilized likelihood testing to choose the sample

3.3 Validity

Validity indicates to how well an examination instrument measures what it should gauge and it is considered as being more critical in light of the fact that the goals of the study must be illustrative of what the analyst is researching (Eddy, 2010). The poll will be assessed for develop validity by Emirates College for Advanced Education. The information accumulation instrument will evaluate by the exploration administrator for substance validity and tried against the examination goals. The poll was created by the specialist from her own particular work experience, writing survey and discussion with Infection Control board of trustees. To guarantee paradigm related validity, the poll was contrasted and other legitimate instruments and discovered to be consistent with them (Fulton & Milling, 2005).

3.4 Data AnalysisConcurring Michael et.al (2007), data analysis in subjective exploration studies is frequently seen as an overwhelming methodology. A lot of this is connected with evidently unpredictable dialect and the thought of measurable tests. Data analysis includes the breaking down of data into agent constituents to discover answers to the examination questions (Strydom et al., 2002:121). Mean average and standard deviation will figure for